Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer zeroes in on dark matter
The AMS was taken up to the ISS in 2011
A
$2bn experiment on the space station has made observations that could
prove to be the first signs of dark matter, a mysterious component of
the Universe.
It has seen evidence of what may prove to be dark matter colliding with itself in what is known as "annihilation".
But scientists stress a precise description of this mysterious cosmic component is still some way off.
"It could take a few more years," AMS deputy spokesman Roberto Battiston, a professor of physics at the University of Perugia, told BBC News.
Dark matter accounts for most of the mass in the Universe.
It cannot be seen directly with telescopes, but astronomers know it to be out there because of the gravitational effects it has on the matter we can see.
Galaxies, for example, could not rotate the way they do and hold their shape without the presence of dark matter.
The AMS - a kind of particle accelerator and nicknamed the "space LHC" in reference to the Large Hadron Collider here on Earth - has been hunting for some indirect measures of dark matter's properties.
It counts the numbers of electrons and their anti-matter counterparts - known as positrons - falling on an array of detectors.
Theory suggests that showers of these particles should be produced when dark-matter particles collide somewhere in space and destroy each other.
In a paper to be published in the journal Physical Review Letters, the AMS team reports the observation of a slight excess of positrons in the positron-electron count - an outcome expected of these dark matter annihilations.
Of particle masses and energies
- Confusingly, particle physicists speak of both particle masses and their energies in terms of the energy unit called an electronvolt
- For example, the accelerator called the Large Hadron Collider speeds protons to energies of trillions of electronvolts
- Yet, when the particle called the Higgs boson was discovered there, scientists said it had a mass of about 125 billion electronvolts
- This is actually physicists' shorthand, which arises from "mass-energy equivalence" - Albert Einstein's most famous equation
- The actual mass is found by dividing twice by the speed of light - for the Higgs boson, that is about 0.0000000000000000000003 g
The group also says the positrons fall on the AMS from all directions in the sky with no particular variation over time.
The AMS was placed on the International Space Station in 2011. The longer it operates, the better its statistics will be and the more definitive scientists can be in their statements.
But lead spokesman, Prof Sam Ting, said the AMS Collaboration would proceed slowly.
"It took us 18 years to do this experiment and we want to do it very carefully," he told a seminar at the European Laboratory for Particle Physics (Cern) in Geneva.
"We will publish things when we are absolutely sure."
The Physical Review Letters paper reports the positron-electron count in the energy range of 0.5 to 350 gigaelectronvolts (GeV).
The behaviour of the positron excess across this energy spectrum fits with the researchers' expectations. However, the "smoking gun" signature would be to see a rise in this ratio and then a dramatic fall. This has yet to be observed.
"At the moment, all we can say is that the (dark matter) particles could have a mass of several hundred gigaelectronvolts, but there is much uncertainty," said Prof Battiston. (By way of comparison, a proton, the particle in the nucleus of every atom, has a mass of about 1 GeV).
Modern mysteries
The AMS is just one of several techniques being used by researchers to try to uncover the nature of dark matter.
There are laboratories on Earth that are attempting to make more direct detections as the elusive particles pass though containers of the elements xenon or argon, held deep underground.
The Large Hadron Collider, too, is involved in the hunt. It hopes to produce dark matter particles in its accelerator.
A precise description of this mysterious component is now an urgent objective for modern physics.
Normal matter, the material we can see with telescopes (all the stars and galaxies), contributes just 4.9% of the mass/energy density of the Universe.
Dark matter is a far bigger constituent, making up 26.8%. This figure was recently raised following studies of the cosmos by the European Space Agency's Planck telescope.
The value is now nearly a fifth up on previous estimates.
Dark energy is the component that contributes most to the mass/energy density of the Universe at 68.3%. Dark energy is the name given to the force thought to be accelerating the expansion of the Universe. Its character is even more obscure to science than dark matter.
THE ALPHA MAGNETIC SPECTROMETER (AMS-02)
Silicon Trackers follow particle paths; how they bend reveals their charge
Permanent Magnet is core component of AMS and makes particles curve
Time-of-flight Counters determine lowest-energy particle velocities
Star Trackers scan star fields to establish AMS's orientation in space
Cerenkov Detector makes accurate velocity measurements of fast particles
Electromagnetic Calorimeter measures energy of impacting particles
Anti-coincidence Counter filters signal from unwanted side particles
posted by Pieface @ 9:27 AM
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