Privacy, Please!

"I've had a shy bladder all my life. You  tend to get cramped, minimal lavatories, and especially from the point of view of women, that's why you get inadequate numbers of cubicles [disinterest in designing adequate dedicated bathroom space in public buildings]."
"Personal space boundaries lie at around three feet around you, and  you discover when standing side-by-side at a urinal that the distance is much less than that."
"Most councils realize they need to put lavatories in place. They want tourism, they have families, pregnant mums and kids. They want to bring all those people into the town to spend money and keep the whole commercial centre going. It's their money that keeps the shops and cafes open."
"What is very common among guys who have got parusesis who are struggling to use urinals, is they feel they're being noticed or even judged."
"They think normal behaviour is that you're able to start to pee instantly. They're unaware that's not the case."
"I tell people I'm on the shy end of the normal range."
Andrew Smith, 73, chairman, U.K. Paruresis Trust 

"I avoid public bathrooms at all costs."
"When on a night out, I'll limit the amount I drink so [as] to avoid having to pee. Bars and nightclubs are the worst because they're so crowded."
Unnamed man, 30

"The figures are a bit rubbery, but the prevalence estimates you get for levels of inhibition and distress that gets to the point of being reasonably serious is around five to ten percent [of the population affected]."
"The main concern is just being observed and judged negatively while engaged in this behaviour [going to the bathroom]."
Nick Haslam, professor of psychology, University of Melbourne

"Cost is the issue. There is no government legislation to provide public lavatories, and there's no government funding."
"Most new lavatories, both private and public, are individual, lockable cubicles now."
"[In response to smelly urinals] The pipes build up uric salts and the ammonia leaches back into the room."
Raymond Martin, British Toilet Association lobby

Thought it was just you, did you? Convinced it was only you who felt such a straitened distaste for doing private business in what is essentially a public place? You're not alone. Paruresis, the medical term for shy bladder syndrome, is a fear of publicly peeing that afflicts quite a few people, both men and women. Women, of course, don't have to make do with urinals placed directly beside each other where men casually unzip and let go in close proximity. Except that some men don't unzip and go. They agonizingly hold it all in.

They may make the attempt, but are unable to perform. And sometimes the situation is sufficiently traumatizing that they will make a decision to stay home as much as they can so they can avoid a situation where they cannot relieve themselves. Some men on the mild end of the spectrum will make do when instead of urinals there are discrete cubicles, and they manage to convince themselves there is adequate privacy to unlock their frozen bladder.

Dr. Haslam, author of the book Psychology in the Bathroom, discusses what was once called a social phobia; fear of doing things while feeling you're being actively observed. A signal is sent to the brain when someone feels the urge to empty their bladder, to open sphincters allowing urine to flow. For some men and women, social fear is linked to another signal in the autonomous nervous system preventing the sphincter from opening.

Signs of Paruresis

Paruresis can range from mild to severe. Symptoms of paruresis include the following:

• Needing complete privacy when using a restroom
• Fear that other people will hear you when using the restroom
• Complete inability to use toilets other than at home
• Feeling anxious about needing to use a toilet
• Not drinking so that you won't have to use the restroom
• Avoiding events because of the need to use the public restroom
• Negative thoughts about yourself when using the restroom

Some men try to cope by choosing an unoccupied urinal distant from any that are occupied. This won't work for the most severe paruresis sufferers. Raymond Martin, representing the British Toilet Association, lobbies councils and private companies in the U.K. for better design of public lavatories, sitting on the board of the British Standards Institute as well, to set the recommended minimum standards for bathrooms.

Minimum guidelines for bathrooms to include privacy boards between each urinal to allow men a sense of modesty protection in the hopes of tackling paruresis so they can pee in peace, are his specialty. His success rate is modest, he admits, as a result of costs involved. But he sees hope in the fact that the rise of unisex lavatories is eliminating urinals in favour of compartmentalized bathrooms where doors can be closed and locked and the temporary residents can find privacy.

In the meanwhile, paruresis sufferers from age 14 to 85 can attend workshops for men and women run by the U.K. Paruresis Trust where courses designed by psychologists revolve around a "talking cure". Mostly, the workshops make an effort to dispel the myths associated with fear of public exposure such as those whose bladders freeze are unlike 'normal' people where free flow of urine is instant and over with. The social bonding that takes place at the workshops allows people to realize that the problem is widespread, they are not 'abnormal'.

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Hydration While Eating A Meal

"[But] even if you had a stomach full of water, it would not interfere with digestion of the food. [Water would not hamper enzyme activity because] enzymes adhere to food particles regardless of the presence of water [and nor would water affect stomach acidity]."
"It's not like you start off with a certain amount of acid and that is it. If you need more, your body will make it."
Deborah D. Proctor, American Gastroenterological Association

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Anything that is consumed whether food or drink momentarily makes the stomach slightly less acidic and the stomach responds by producing as much acid as is required to enable digestion of the meal; the stomach's function. There is a pervasive belief that water works to slow the pace of food moving out of the stomach and into the small intestine. But this is a belief that belies science where studies show that drinking water alongside a meal has no effect on the rate of stomach emptying.

The stomach treats a drinkable meal such as a smoothie and similar ingredients eaten whole with the liquid sipped with it alike; both forms of meals take the same time to digest. Drinking water during meals is a likely aid to digestion, in particular during the chewing and swallowing stages where liquid is an assist in softening food and moving it through the esophagus. Hydration in general aids in the elimination stage of digestion, helping to ensure stools are soft and move through the bowel.

Digestion is initiated in the mouth, for this is where food is mashed and softened by the chewing process and by the enzymes contained in saliva. Food passes down the esophagus to the stomach, and is broken down there by acidic gastric juices. The mixture that results moves into the small intestine where it combines with bile acids and enzymes. This stage is where roughly 75 percent of nutrient absorption occurs.

Food matter that has not been absorbed is then further processed in the large intestine and colon, preparatory to excretion, a process which takes in its entirety, between 24 and 72 hours, depending on the individual. Water does not dilute digestive juices in the stomach. Water is absorbed fairly quickly in the stomach, typically within twenty minutes' time. If any dilution occurred initially it would quite swiftly dissipate.



It is, however, true that drinking water before eating temporarily (20 minutes' duration) takes up stomach space, leading to a satiated feeling during the meal; in itself signalling to the person consuming a meal that they have had enough sooner than they normally would. For anyone making the effort to lose weight it could be a useful habit.

Studies indicate that people have a tendency to eat less at a meal if they have taken in one-and-a-half to two cups of water beforehand. On the other hand, it should be realized that overdoing this could mean that during the truncated meal, sufficient nutrition required for good health may be lost in the process.

There is another issue, that of bloating, an uncomfortable, too-full sensation that may arise with consuming too much water.

 Slowly sipping water accompanying a meal is a preferable method to ensure that thirst is quenched while food portions are being managed and sufficient nutritional intake is assured. As for digestive problems relating to ordinarily drinking water before and during a meal, there are no risks to digestion, but for comfort and utility the operative caution is moderation.