Reuters, West Bank
Wednesday, 11 December 2013
A silvery green olive grove set in the red soil of a Palestinian
village is a crime scene - testament to a practice so sensitive that it
is spoken of only in whispers.
One night in late November,
Rasha Abu Ara, a 32-year-old mother of five, was beaten to death and
strung from a gnarled tree branch as a gruesome badge of “family honor”
restored.
The woman’s alleged sin was adultery, and her killer
was either her own brother or husband, security sources told Reuters.
Both are behind bars while an investigation continues.
Her
murder brought to 27 the number of women slain in similar circumstances
in Palestinian-run areas this year, according to rights groups - more
than twice last year’s victims.
The rise has led Palestinians
to question hidebound laws they say are lax on killers, as well as a
reluctance to name and shame in the media and society, which may
contribute to a feeling of impunity among perpetrators.
“It
feels like something that belongs to another time,” said one young man
in Aqqaba who refused to give his name, the first hints of a beard on
his chin. “But, it’s standard.”
A week after the crime, Aqqaba
mayor Jamal Abu Ara, who is a member of the victim’s extended family,
and his brothers, sat in their village home, smoking cigarettes and
choosing their words carefully.
“This act has no religion - it
comes from closed, tribal thinking left over from an age of ignorance.
People here are walking around in a haze; they want to know who did it
and why. Of course, it’s the first time it’s happened here,” he said.
His brother added: “Islam requires you have four witnesses to prove the act of adultery.
“It’s not right what happened. Especially since if it were a man, some would just say ‘boys will be boys’,” he said.
A representative of the slain woman’s family declined to speak to Reuters.
“Honor killing” is a social menace that occurs throughout the Middle East, though precise figures are often elusive.
In neighboring Jordan, for example, a Cambridge University survey of
attitudes among young people published in June found that a third of
respondents agreed with the practice.
The researchers
attributed the result to low levels of education and “patriarchal and
traditional world views, emphasis placed on female virtue and a more
general belief that violence against others is morally justified.”
The study estimated an average of 15 to 20 such killings occur every
year in Jordan, with a population of around 6.3 million, compared to
around 4 million in Palestinian lands.
Some
activists believe the rise in honour killings indicates social and
economic problems are mounting in the territories, where Palestinians
exercise limited self-rule but Israel holds ultimate sovereignty,
including over commerce.
But Soraida Hussein, whose rights group Muntada tallied this year’s killings, said the practice also has deep roots.
“There is no balance in power relations between the genders. There is a
patriarchal mentality...as always, the force and pressure in society is
transferred from the strong to the weak,” she said.
Palestinian female participation in the labor force stands at 17
percent, a figure the World Bank called “abysmally low,” noting that
employers appeared to favor men, among whom joblessness was almost a
third lower in 2013.
Hussein said that most of the killings
related to “the movement and the freedom of the woman, so (perpetrators)
say it’s an ‘honor killing ‘... also, there’s still no clear law to
discourage the practice.”
Many of the cases had economic
underpinnings, such as connections to disputes over inheritance, or may
have been committed to cover up incest, she added.
The passing
of stricter laws on violence against women is hamstrung by the absence
of a Palestinian parliament, which has not met since President Mahmoud
Abbas’s Fatah party and the Islamist Hamas group fought a brief, bloody
civil war in 2007.
Abbas has used his executive power to amend
or cancel parts of the penal law, but has not yet changed all
legislation which applies a separate status to domestic violence and has
been used to justify killings and lighten prison sentences.
Palestinian Minister of Women’s Affairs Rabiha Diab saved much of her
blame for violence toward women for Israel: “The Israeli occupation is
the one practicing the utmost violence ... it’s the main thing keeping
us from advancing.
“There’s been a deterioration, financial and
psychological pressure on our society, poverty. But there are also
certain backward cultural legacies that must be combated,” she said.
Unemployment and poverty both increased in 2013, with both standing at
around 25 percent. Growth has slowed from boom rates averaging around 9
percent annually in 2008-2011 to just 1.8 percent in Gaza and the
occupied West Bank in the first half of 2013, according to the World
Bank.
Not just laws but lawmakers may be part of the problem.
Residents of the northern West Bank village of Deir al-Ghusun began
muttering about Thamar Zeidan, a 32-year-old mother of two, after an
apparently intoxicated man was spied leaving her home one morning, a
local source told Reuters.
Elders, including a Hamas member of
parliament, soon gathered and signed an announcement formally banishing
her family from the larger tribe. The notice was pasted on the outer
walls of homes and on the village mosque.
Days later in late September, Thamar was choked to death with a metal wire in her sleep.
Her father confessed to the deed.
The lawmaker, Abdel Rahman Zeidan, denied charges in the Palestinian
media that the petition was tantamount to inciting murder, and said the
banishment targeted the father, whom villagers say allowed his children
too many freedoms.
“Taking the law into your own hands is
wrong,” he told Reuters. “These acts are unacceptable, and laws must be
passed to discourage them.
Spreading awareness on the issue can open
campaigners and journalists to criticism and even threats, which may
partly explain its scant airing in public, however.
Press
bulletins occasionally note the discovery of a woman’s body in what are
called “hazy circumstances” - a common euphemism for honor killings.
Names are concealed and the news is rarely followed up on.
“When you touch such stories, you’re up against a social taboo,” said
Palestinian journalist Naela Khalil, whose work focuses on women’s
issues.
“Here, the family is stronger than even the security
forces. I might criticize Mahmoud Abbas more easily than a father or a
brother who killed a woman. Doing this may mean a struggle with a whole
family or village,” she said.